ARM was first developed by British computer manufacturer ACORN Computers in the 1980s and is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on reduced instruction set computing(RISC). A RISC based computer design approach means that ARM processors require significantly fewer transistors than typical complex instruction set computing(CISC). which is found in most personal computers. RISC reduces costs, heat and power use which are desirable traits for personal devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets and netbook computers. A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs and higher core counts at lower cost, providing improved energy efficiency for servers. Globally, ARM is the most widely used instruction set architecture in terms of quantity produced with over 50 billion ARM processors having been produced as of 2014. According to ARM Holdings, in 2010 alone, producers of chips based on ARM architectures reported shipments of 6.1 billion, representing 95% of smartphones, 35% of digital televisions and set-top boxes and 10% of mobile computers.
Taken from its wiki, The ARM architecture is supported by a large number of embedded and real-time operating systems, including Linux, Windows CE, Symbian, ChibiOS/RT, FreeRTOS, eCos, Integrity, Nucleus PLUS, MicroC/OS-II, PikeOS, QNX, RTEMS, RTXC Quadros, ThreadX, VxWorks, DRYOS, MQX, T-Kernel, OSE, SCIOPTA, OS-9, and RISC OS. It is also the primary hardware environment for most mobile device operating systems such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Windows RT, Bada, Blackberry OS/Blackberry 10, MeeGo, Firefox OS, Tizen, Ubuntu Touch, Sailfish and webOS.
For further exploring, I have included a video of ARM Architecture Fundamentals.
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